Mechanistic insights on the Pd-catalyzed addition of C–X bonds across alkynes – a combined experimental and computational study† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Computational details, cartesian coordinates of calculated species, experimental procedures, and spectroscopic data are given. See DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05001h Click here for additional data file.

نویسندگان

  • Theresa Sperger
  • Christine M. Le
  • Mark Lautens
  • Franziska Schoenebeck
چکیده

The Pd-catalyzed intramolecular addition of carbamoyl chlorides and aryl halides across alkynes is investigated by means of DFT calculations and mechanistic test experiments. The data suggest a mechanistic pathway that involves oxidative addition, alkyne insertion, cis / trans isomerization and reductive elimination. Our data indicate that oxidative addition is the reactivity limiting step in the addition of aryl chlorides and bromides across alkynes. However, for the corresponding addition of carbamoyl chlorides, alkyne insertion is found to be limiting. Full energetic reaction pathways for the intramolecular additions across alkynes are presented herein and the role of ligands, alkyne substituents and tether moieties are discussed. Notably, the calculations could rationalize a pronounced effect of the alkyne substituent, which accounts for the exceptional reactivity of TIPS-substituted alkynes. In particular, the bulky silyl moiety is shown to significantly destabilize the formed Pd(II)-intermediates, thus facilitating both cis / trans isomerization and reductive elimination, which overall results in a flatter energetic landscape and a therefore increased catalytic efficiency.

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منابع مشابه

Nickel-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation of Csp2–O bonds† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental procedures, spectroscopic data, ReactIR studies, computational information and Cartesian coordinates of calculated species as well as full ref. 17 are given. See DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03359d Click here for additional data file.

While nickel catalysts have previously been shown to activate even the least reactive Csp–O bonds, i.e. aryl ethers, in the context of C–C bond formation, little is known about the reactivity limits and molecular requirements for the introduction of valuable functional groups under homogeneous nickel catalysis. We identified that due to the high reactivity of Ni-catalysts, they are also prone t...

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عنوان ژورنال:

دوره 8  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2017